GT01MNCOADS: Monthly time series of surface marine observations NOAA/PMEL/TMAP 6.17.91 name title I J K L SST SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE 1:180 1:90 1:1 1:552 AIRT AIR TEMPERATURE 1:180 1:90 1:1 1:552 SPEH SPECIFIC HUMIDITY 1:180 1:90 1:1 1:552 WSPD WIND SPEED 1:180 1:90 1:1 1:552 UWND ZONAL WIND 1:180 1:90 1:1 1:552 VWND MERIDIONAL WIND 1:180 1:90 1:1 1:552 SLP SEA LEVEL PRESSURE 1:180 1:90 1:1 1:552 NSST NUMBER OF SST OBS 1:180 1:90 1:1 1:552 NAIR NUMBER OF AIRT OBS 1:180 1:90 1:1 1:552 NSPE NUMBER OF SPEH OBS 1:180 1:90 1:1 1:552 NWSP NUMBER OF WSPD OBS 1:180 1:90 1:1 1:552 NSLP NUMBER OF SLP OBS 1:180 1:90 1:1 1:552 Grid: 2x2 degree, global, monthly average time series from 1946 through 1991. Authors: S.D.Woodruff, R.J.Slutz, R.L.Jenne, P.M.Steurer and others This data set is a subset of the available COADS MSTG (Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set, Monthly Summary Trimmed Groups) data, and spans 44 years; the data set is large, 396 megabytes. The following description is excerpted from reference 1 below. Since 1854, ships of many countries have been taking regular observations of local weather, sea surface temperature, and many other characteristics near the boundary between the ocean and the atmosphere. The observations by one such ship-of-opportunity at one time and place, usually incident to its voyage, make up a marine report. In later years fixed research vessels, buoys, and other devices have contributed data. Marine reports have been collected, often in machine-readable form, by various agencies and countries. That vast collection of data, spanning the global oceans from the mid- eighteenth century to date, is the historical ocean atmosphere record. Median-smoothed limits were used as criteria for statistical rejection of apparent outliers from the data used for separate sets of "trimmed" monthly and decadal summaries. Any conclusion drawn from the historical record should be qualified by the fact that the observation, reporting, collection, and digitization of these data have been subject to a great deal of methodological change. Besides introducing more or less unknown inhomogeneities into many variables, these changes have sometimes been processed incorrectly. The resulting errors, as well as simple recording or transmission errors, occur very frequently. Thus it must be remembered that while millions of errors have been identified and eliminated from the trimmed summaries, the resulting data are still far from clean. In addition, the distribution of data is highly variable in both time and space. References: Slutz, R.J., et al., Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set; Release 1. NOAA/ERL Climate Research Program, Boulder, CO, 268 pp. (NTIS PB86- 105723), 1985. Woodruff, S.D., et al., A Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set, Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 68, 1239-1248, 1987. GT01MNCOADS_X: Individual variables of 1946-89 COADS time series NOAA/PMEL/TMAP 7.19.91 The GT01MNCOADS data set reports 12 variables and is large, about 400 megabytes. The 12 data sets documented here report one variable apiece and are consequently 1/12th as big. This may prove more convenient for some purposes. These data sets and the variables reported are: data set name variable title GT01MNCOADS_SST SST SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE GT01MNCOADS_AIRT AIRT AIR TEMPERATURE GT01MNCOADS_SPEH SPEH SPECIFIC HUMIDITY GT01MNCOADS_WSPD WSPD WIND SPEED GT01MNCOADS_UWND UWND ZONAL WIND GT01MNCOADS_VWND VWND MERIDIONAL WIND GT01MNCOADS_SLP SLP SEA LEVEL PRESSURE GT01MNCOADS_NSST NSST NUMBER OF SST OBS GT01MNCOADS_NAIR NAIR NUMBER OF AIRT OBS GT01MNCOADS_NSPE NSPE NUMBER OF SPEH OBS GT01MNCOADS_NWSP NWSP NUMBER OF WSPD OBS GT01MNCOADS_NSLP NSLP NUMBER OF SLP OBS GT01MNFSU: FSU tropical Pacific pseudo-windstress NOAA/PMEL/TMAP 7.19.91 name title I J K L PTX ZONAL PSEUDO STRESS 1:84 1:30 1:1 1:372 PTY MERIDIONAL PSEUDO STRESS 1:84 1:30 1:1 1:372 Grid: 2x2 degree from 124E to 70W, 30S to 30N, monthly time series from 1961 through 1991. Authors: J.J. O'Brien and D.M. Legler Developed by the Mesoscale Air-Sea Interaction Group at FSU, the data are monthly average Pacific ocean pseudo-stress zonal and meridional components, from ship reports, on a 2x2 degree grid from January 1961 through December 1991. GT01MNNAV: Fleet Numerical Oceanography Center (FNOC) winds NOAA/PMEL/TMAP 7.19.91 name title I J K L UWND ZONAL WIND 1:144 1:73 1:1 1:108 VWND MERIDIONAL WIND 1:144 1:73 1:1 1:108 Grid: 2.5x2.5, global, monthly average time series from 1982-1990 Author: FNOC These data are zonal and meridional surface wind components on a 2.5x2.5 degree global grid, generated by the FNOC's objective analysis from available reports, every six hours. Winds are available here from January 1982 through December 1990. To supplement the six-hourly data set, three day, ten day, and monthly average data sets have been put together by TMAP. This data set reports monthly averages. GT01MNNMC: NMC blended sea surface temperature analysis NOAA/PMEL/TMAP 1.13.93 name title I J K L SST SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE 1:180 1:91 1:1 1:132 FLAG CODED DATA SOURCE FLAG 1:180 1:91 1:1 1:132 Grid: 2x2, global, monthly time series from January 1982 through December 1992 Authors: R.W. Reynolds and W.H. Gemmill of the National Meteorology Center Monthly average SST values on a 2x2 global grid are generated from both surface marine (ship and buoy) and AVHRR satellite observations. The satellite data are used to fill voids in the in situ field by a method matching the curvature of the satellite field to the in situ values at the edge of a void to construct a patch. The following is from the conclusion of the reference below. The article presents a detailed review of the methods used to create this analysis. Details have been presented of an SST analysis which blends both in situ and satellite data. The method uses preliminary in situ and satellite analyses as input fields. The in situ analysis is used as ground truth to provide "benchmark" temperatures in regions of frequent in situ observations; the satellite analysis is used to define the shape of the final field between the benchmarks. Examples have been presented which suggest that the blended technique is an effective way to utilize the improved satellite coverage while eliminating much of the bias between in situ and satellite data. Comparisons using drifting buoy data showed that the modulus of the buoy-to-blend monthly biases was less than 0.1 degree C while the average rms buoy-to-blend error was less than 0.8 degree C. The FLAG variable gives information about each analyzed SST value as follows: FLAG = 1: The blended value is anchored by the in situ analysis; there are at least 5 in situ observations per month. This is an internal boundary condition. FLAG = 3: Pole values; the SST mean is set to -1.8C; the SST anomaly is set to 0. FLAG = 4: The blended value is anchored by the freezing point of sea water (-1.8C). These data points are ice covered as defined from information given by the University of Maryland (1982-1987) and NESDIS and the Navy/NOAA Joint Ice Center (1988-present). The sea ice data are used as an external boundary condition. FLAG = 5: The blended value is determined by relaxation of the in situ analysis with satellite forcing; the number of satellite observations is at least 10 per month. FLAG = 6: The blended value is determined by relaxation of the in situ analysis with the satellite forcing set to zero; the number of satellite observations is less than 10 per month. Reference: Reynolds, R.W., A real-time global SST analysis, J. Climate, 1, 75-86, 1988. GT01MNNMC_UPP: NMC tropical upper air winds and OLR NOAA/PMEL/TMAP 7.16.91 name title I J K L UWND ZONAL WIND 1:72 1:23 1:6 1:240 VWND MERIDIONAL WIND 1:72 1:23 1:6 1:240 OLR OLR 1:72 1:23 1:1 1:240 Grid: Mercator, 5 degrees in longitude, variable from 3.5 to 5 degrees in latitude, to 50 degrees N and S. Pressure levels are 1000, 850, 700, 500, 300, and 200 mb; the outgoing longwave radiation is measured above the atmosphere (0 mb). Authors: R. Reynolds and P. Arkin (?) This description is excerpted from the documentation sent with the data set from the Climate Analysis Center and references 1 and 2 below. The data set contains monthly means of the u and v components of the winds and the outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) for each month (for which they are available) from March 1968 through February 1988. No 850 mb winds are available prior to Dec 1974, no 1000 mb winds prior to Dec 1975, and no OLR before June 1974. No winds are available for October and November 1972, and no OLR data from March - December 1978. The winds are derived from the NMC Final Analysis. A brief description of the different analyses used through February 1979, along with further references, is found in Arkin. One major change not described there is the switch to a spectral model and the use of non-linear normal mode initialization. Some further details may be found in Kistler and Parrish. Significant changes in the analysis procedure have occured during the period spanned by these data. The general procedure used is to modify a first-guess field by interpolating observations to the grid points. Changes have occured in both the interpolation technique and the method used to obtain the first guess. While some of the changes might have had noticeable effects on daily analyses, the effects on the large-scale features of the mean monthly fields appear to be small. This is not the case for the zonally averaged meridional wind component, i.e., [v]=0 during part of the period. The OLR data are derived from AVHRR window channel radiances. A description of the data processing may be found in Gruber and Winston. The measuring instrument is a scanning radiometer flown aboard NOAA operational polar-orbiting satellites. The radiometer senses energy in the visible portion of the spectrum and in the infrared window region. The estimate of total outgoing longwave radiation flux from radiance measurements in the window region is made by use of a regression model that was derived from radiation calculations made for 99 different atmospheres covering a broad range of temperature and moisture as well as overcast and clear sky conditions. References: Arkin, P.A., The relationship between interannual variability in the 200 mb tropical wind field and the southern oscillation, Mon. Wea. Rev., 110, 1393-1404, 1982. Gruber, A., and J. Winston, Earth-atmosphere radiative heating based on NOAA scanning radiometer measurements, Bull. of the AMS, 59, 1570-1573, 1978. Kistler, R.E., and D.F. Parrish, Evolution of the NMC data assimilation system: September 1978 - January 1982, Mon. Wea. Rev., 110, 1335-1346, 1982. GT01MNSAD: Sadler tropical Pacific winds and pseudo-windstress NOAA/PMEL/TMAP 7.17.91 name title I J K L UWND ZONAL WIND 1:72 1:25 1:1 1:137 VWND MERIDIONAL WIND 1:72 1:25 1:1 1:137 PTX ZONAL PSEUDO STRESS 1:72 1:25 1:1 1:137 PTY MERIDIONAL PSEUDO STRESS 1:72 1:25 1:1 1:137 Grid: 2.5x2.5 from 120E to 60W and 30S to 30N, monthly average time series from January 1979 through May 1990 Author: J. Sadler and M. Lander James Sadler of the University of Hawaii began this analysis, derived from surface marine observations. The grid is 2.5x2.5 degrees, extending from 120E to 60W and 30S to 30N. Monthly averages of the zonal and meridional wind components and pseudo stress from January 1979 through May 1990 are available. GTMNANCOADS_X: Individual variables of 1946-89 COADS monthly anomalies NOAA/PMEL/TMAP 7.19.91 The GT01MNCOADS_X (q.v.) data sets report one variable apiece; each reports the monthly average of a surface marine variable, or number of observations of a variable, over the period 1946 through 1989, on a global grid. The data sets described here report the difference of these time series data from the monthly climatology (GTMNCLCOADS) made over the same period; these are monthly anomalies. The data are on the same global grid and each data set is the same size as its time series counterpart, 34 Mb. The individual data sets are identified below: data set name variable title GTMNANCOADS_SST SSTA ANOMALY OF SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE GTMNANCOADS_AIRT AIRA ANOMALY OF AIR TEMPERATURE GTMNANCOADS_SPEH SPEA ANOMALY OF SPECIFIC HUMIDITY GTMNANCOADS_WSPD WSPA ANOMALY OF WIND SPEED GTMNANCOADS_UWND UWNA ANOMALY OF ZONAL WIND GTMNANCOADS_VWND VWNA ANOMALY OF MERIDIONAL WIND GTMNANCOADS_SLP SLPA ANOMALY OF SEA LEVEL PRESSURE GTMNCL_SHIPDR: Monthly climatology of ship-drift-derived surface currents NOAA/PMEL/TMAP 1.18.91 name title I J K L U ZONAL SURFACE CURRENT 1:360 1:140 1:1 1:12 V MERIDIONAL SURFACE CURRENT 1:360 1:140 1:1 1:12 UPUP ZONAL CURRENT VARIANCE 1:360 1:140 1:1 1:12 VPVP MERIDIONAL CURRENT VARIANCE 1:360 1:140 1:1 1:12 UPVP CURRENT COVARIANCE 1:360 1:140 1:1 1:12 EKE EDDY KINETIC ENERGY 1:360 1:140 1:1 1:12 NOBS NUMBER OF OBSERVATIONS 1:360 1:140 1:1 1:12 Grid: 1x1 degree, nearly global (60S to 80N), monthly climatology Authors: P.L.Richardson and T.K.McKee The following data set description is excerpted from reference 1 below. The ship-drift velocity data were obtained from the U.S. Naval Oceanographic Office. They consist of approximately 438,000 individual observations within the region 20S-20N, 10E-70W, and the coasts of Africa and South America. [NB: GTMNCL_SHIPDR covers a larger geographical region than reference 1's data set.] Most observations were made by United States ships; about a third were obtained from the Netherlands. Each ship-drift measurement of surface current velocity consists of the vector difference between the velocity of a ship determined from two position fixes and the average estimated velocity of the ship through the water during the same time interval, usually 12-24 hours. The vector difference is considered to be due to a surface current. Each measurement is an average 1) over the depth of the ship's hull and 2) along the ship's path between fixes, usually a few hundred kilometers. Thus only larger-scale features, greater than a few hundred kilometers, can be resolved using this technique. Many possible random and sytematic errors can occur during ship-drift measurements, and it is difficult with the available information to evaluate the errors very accurately. Windage on the ships could lead to a systematic error in surface velocity. A single velocity measurement is estimated to have a random error of ~20 cm/s. This is based on a combination of the estimated errors of both position fixes and dead reckoning. Values used as typical random errors of position, direction and speed are +/- 2 km, 1 degree, and 0.3 knots. References: Richardson, P.L., and T.K. McKee, Average seasonal variation of the Atlantic equatorial currents from historical ship drifts, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 14, 1226-1238, 1984. Richardson, P.L., and D. Walsh, Mapping climatological seasonal variations of surface currents in the tropical Atlantic using ship drifts, J. Geophys. Res., 91, 10,537-10,550, 1986. Richardson, P.L., and T.K. McKee, Surface velocity in the equatorial oceans (20N-20S) calculated from historical ship drifts, WHOI Tech. Report WHOI-89-9, Woods Hole Oceanogr. Inst., Woods Hole, Mass., 1989. GTMNCLCOADS: 1946-1989 COADS monthly climatology. NOAA/PMEL/TMAP 7.22.91 name title I J K L SST SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE 1:180 1:90 1:1 1:12 AIRT AIR TEMPERATURE 1:180 1:90 1:1 1:12 SPEH SPECIFIC HUMIDITY 1:180 1:90 1:1 1:12 WSPD WIND SPEED 1:180 1:90 1:1 1:12 UWND ZONAL WIND 1:180 1:90 1:1 1:12 VWND MERIDIONAL WIND 1:180 1:90 1:1 1:12 SLP SEA LEVEL PRESSURE 1:180 1:90 1:1 1:12 Grid: 2x2 degree, global, monthly average climatology from 1946 through 1989. Author: TMAP This data set is a monthly climatology of COADS data as reported in the GT01MNCOADS (q.v.) data set. All data available for each month of the year were averaged at each gridpoint. GTMNCLED2: Monthly climatology of surface marine observations NOAA/PMEL/TMAP 6.18.91 name title I J K L UWND ZONAL WIND 1:360 1:180 1:1 1:12 VWND MERIDIONAL WIND 1:360 1:180 1:1 1:12 TAUX ZONAL WIND STRESS 1:360 1:180 1:1 1:12 TAUY MERIDIONAL WIND STRESS 1:360 1:180 1:1 1:12 MAG MAGNITUDE OF THE WIND STRESS 1:360 1:180 1:1 1:12 AIRT SURFACE AIR TEMPERATURE 1:360 1:180 1:1 1:12 SST SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE 1:360 1:180 1:1 1:12 OBS # OF OBS/DEGREE SQUARE 1:360 1:180 1:1 1:12 Grid: 1x1 degree, global, monthly climatology Author: TMAP This set is a monthly climatology of surface marine observations on a global 1x1 degree grid. It is composed from much the same material as the COADS data set, here thirty-three million reports from merchant and other fleets from 1854-1979, over the world ocean. Monthly means of zonal and meridional wind components, and wind stress computed using a bulk method, plus air and sea surface temperature, are reported. The number of observations making up the climatology at each grid cell is also reported. GTMNCLESKU: The heat budget of the global ocean NOAA/PMEL/TMAP 7.15.91 name title I J K L SPD SURFACE WIND SPEED 1:72 1:46 1:1 1:12 SST SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE 1:72 1:46 1:1 1:12 SAT SEA-AIR TEMPERATURE DIFFERENC 1:72 1:46 1:1 1:12 AT AIR TEMPERATURE 1:72 1:46 1:1 1:12 AH SPECIFIC HUMIDITY 1:72 1:46 1:1 1:12 SAH SEA-AIR SPECIFIC HUMIDITY DIF 1:72 1:46 1:1 1:12 CLD CLOUDINESS 1:72 1:46 1:1 1:12 SLP SEA LEVEL PRESSURE 1:72 1:46 1:1 1:12 FSR AVAILABLE SOLAR RADIATION 1:72 1:46 1:1 1:12 FUL NET UPWARD LONGWAVE FLUX 1:72 1:46 1:1 1:12 FDR NET DOWNWARD RADIATIVE FLUX 1:72 1:46 1:1 1:12 FLH LATENT HEAT FLUX 1:72 1:46 1:1 1:12 FSH SENSIBLE HEAT FLUX 1:72 1:46 1:1 1:12 FDH NET DOWNWARD HEAT FLUX 1:72 1:46 1:1 1:12 KSPD DATA DENSITY OF SURFACE WIND 1:72 1:46 1:1 1:12 KSST DATA DENSITY OF SST 1:72 1:46 1:1 1:12 KSAT DATA DENSITY OF SEA-AIR TEMPE 1:72 1:46 1:1 1:12 KAT DATA DENSITY OF AIR TEMPERATU 1:72 1:46 1:1 1:12 KAH DATA DENSITY OF SPECIFIC HUMI 1:72 1:46 1:1 1:12 KSAH DATA DENSITY OF SEA-AIR SPECI 1:72 1:46 1:1 1:12 KSLP DATA DENSITY OF SEA LEVEL PRE 1:72 1:46 1:1 1:12 KFUL DATA DENSITY OF NET UPWARD LO 1:72 1:46 1:1 1:12 KFLH DATA DENSITY OF LATENT HEAT F 1:72 1:46 1:1 1:12 KSH DATA DENSITY OF SENSIBLE HEAT 1:72 1:46 1:1 1:12 KFDH DATA DENSITY OF NET DOWNWARD 1:72 1:46 1:1 1:12 Grid: 5x4 degree, global, monthly climatology Authors: S.K.Esbensen and Y.Kushnir This data set, the surface heat budget of the global ice-free ocean, is based on surface marine observations, similar to COADS, and cloudiness data due to Berliand and Strokina. The description below is from the introduction of Esbensen's and Kushnir's CRI report. The annual cycle of the earth's climate clearly shows the important role of the oceans. By storing heat in the summer season and releasing it in the winter, and by transporting heat from areas of heat gain in the tropics to areas of heat loss at higher latitudes, the oceans moderate the climatic state of the atmosphere. The energy sources for the ocean surface transport and storage are primarily the diabatic sources and sinks of heat at the ocean surface. These are the incoming solar radiation, the net loss by longwave radiation and sensible heat and latent heat fluxes. Budyko was first to conduct a study of the spatial and temporal structure of the oceanic heat balance on a global scale. Based on bulk formulas obtained for this particular study, Budyko and his co-workers calculated the diabatic heating terms from available observations of basic surface variables such as temperature, wind, humidity and sea level pressure. Since then many regional studies have been carried out by investigators using similar methods. Reference: Esbensen, S.K., and Y.Kushnir, The heat budget of the global ocean: an atlas based on estimates from surface marine observations, report no. 29, Climatic Research Institute, and Dept. of Atmos. Sci., Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 1981. GTMNCLFSU: Monthly climatology of FSU tropical Pacific pseudo-windstress NOAA/PMEL/TMAP 7.22.91 name title I J K L PTX ZONAL PSEUDO STRESS 1:84 1:30 1:1 1:12 PTY MERIDIONAL PSEUDO STRESS 1:84 1:30 1:1 1:12 Grid: 2x2 degree from 124E to 70W, 30S to 30N, monthly climatology (1961- 1989). Author: TMAP This data set is a monthly climatology generated from GT01MNFSU (q.v.), the FSU pseudo stress time series. Developed by the Mesoscale Air-Sea Interaction Group at FSU, those data are monthly average Pacific ocean pseudo-stress zonal and meridional components, from ship reports, on a 2x2 degree grid from January 1961 through December 1989. GTMNCLNMC: NMC COADS/Ice monthly SST climatology NOAA/PMEL/TMAP 12.16.92 name title I J K L SST SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE 1:180 1:91 1:1 1:12 FLAG CODED DATA VALIDITY FLAG 1:180 1:91 1:1 1:12 Grid: 2x2, global, monthly climatology from 1950-1979. Author: R. Reynolds and L. Roberts of the National Meteorology Center Reynolds and Roberts of the National Meteorological Center constructed this climatology from COADS reports from 1950-1979, ice limit data, and an AVHRR satellite climatology from 1982-1985. It is a global monthly climatology on a 2x2 degree grid, and reports sea surface temperature along with a data validity flag. The following is from reference 2 below. In the April 1986 Climate Diagnostics Bulletin, differences between SST of Reynolds and other SST climatologies were shown. These differences were primarily due to the use of in-situ data from different periods of time. This Reynolds climatological analysis includes data from the 1850s through the 1970s; the comparison excluded data collected prior to 1950. [W]e have developed a new climatological analysis that minimizes these effects by excluding data prior to 1950. COADS was used to compute means of monthly base periods by averaging all SST data during 1950-1979. The analysis ... includes interpolation of missing data followed by spatial smoothing with a non-linear median filter. The use of the filter degrades the original two-degree resolution [ie, in latitude and longitude] to roughly six degrees. [S]atellite data and SSTs inferred from monthly climatological ice limit were needed to extend the COADS coverage. In the non-ice regions, the SST values from the above COADS analysis were used at grid points where there were at least 10 observations. The remaining interior grid points were defined by solving Poisson's equation where the forcing term was determined by the Laplacian value of a satellite climatology. In regions without adequate satellite data, the forcing term was set to zero. After all 12 monthly fields were computed, a final spatial binomial smoothing was done to complete the new climatological analysis. References: Reynolds, R.W., and W.H. Gemmill, An objective global monthly mean SST analysis, Trop. Ocean-Atmos. Newslett., January 1984, 4-5. Reynolds, R.W., and L. Roberts, A global SST climatology from in-situ, satellite and ice data, Trop. Ocean-Atmos. Newslett., January 1987, 15-17. Reynolds, R.W., A real-time global SST analysis, J. Climate, 1, 75-86, 1988. GTMNCLRC: Rasmusson and Carpenter tropical Pacific climatology NOAA/PMEL/TMAP 7.22.91 name title I J K L SST SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE 1:95 1:30 1:1 1:12 SMA SEA MINUS AIR TEMPERATURE 1:95 1:30 1:1 1:12 UWND ZONAL WIND 1:95 1:30 1:1 1:12 VWND MERIDIONAL WIND 1:95 1:30 1:1 1:12 PTX ZONAL PSEUDO WIND STRESS 1:95 1:30 1:1 1:12 PTY MERIDIONAL PSEUDO WIND STRESS 1:95 1:30 1:1 1:12 SMAW SMA * WIND SPEED 1:95 1:30 1:1 1:12 Grid: 2x2 degree, extending from 100E to 70W, and 30S to 30N; monthly climatology from 1946 through 1976. Authors: E.M. Rasmusson and T.H. Carpenter of the Climate Analysis Center The Rasmusson and Carpenter tropical Pacific analysis consists of two separate data sets, a long term monthly mean, and a composited El Nino (see GTRCENCOM). Both are derived from surface marine observations; both extend from 100E to 70W, and 30S to 30N, on a 2x2 degree grid. This data set is the monthly mean climatology from the years 1946 through 1976. The set reports sea surface and air temperature, zonal and meridional wind speed and pseudo-stress, and the product of the sea/air temperature difference and the wind speed. GT03DYNAV: Fleet Numerical Oceanography Center (FNOC) winds NOAA/PMEL/TMAP 7.19.91 name title I J K L UWND ZONAL WIND 1:144 1:73 1:1 1:1096 VWND MERIDIONAL WIND 1:144 1:73 1:1 1:1096 Grid: 2.5x2.5, global, 3-day average time series from 1982-1990 Author: FNOC These data are zonal and meridional surface wind components on a 2.5x2.5 degree global grid, generated by the FNOC's objective analysis from available reports, every six hours. Winds are available here from January 1982 through December 1990. To supplement the six-hourly data set, three day, ten day, and monthly average data sets have been put together by TMAP. This data set reports 3-day averages. GT10DYNAV: Fleet Numerical Oceanography Center (FNOC) winds NOAA/PMEL/TMAP 7.19.91 name title I J K L UWND ZONAL WIND 1:144 1:73 1:1 1:329 VWND MERIDIONAL WIND 1:144 1:73 1:1 1:329 Grid: 2.5x2.5, global, 10-day average time series from 1982-1990 Author: FNOC These data are zonal and meridional surface wind components on a 2.5x2.5 degree global grid, generated by the FNOC's objective analysis from available reports, every six hours. Winds are available here from January 1982 through December 1990. To supplement the six-hourly data set, three day, ten day, and monthly average data sets have been put together by TMAP. This data set reports 10-day averages. GTRCENCOM: Rasmusson and Carpenter El Nino 3-year composite NOAA/PMEL/TMAP 7.23.91 name title I J K L SST SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE 1:95 1:30 1:1 1:36 SMA SEA MINUS AIR TEMPERATURE 1:95 1:30 1:1 1:36 UWND ZONAL WIND 1:95 1:30 1:1 1:36 VWND MERIDIONAL WIND 1:95 1:30 1:1 1:36 PTX ZONAL PSEUDO WIND STRESS 1:95 1:30 1:1 1:36 PTY MERIDIONAL PSEUDO WIND STRESS 1:95 1:30 1:1 1:36 SMAW SMA * WIND SPEED 1:95 1:30 1:1 1:36 Grid: 2x2 degree, extending from 100E to 70W, and 30S to 30N; monthly points in a three year composite of an El Nino cycle Authors: E.M. Rasmusson and T.H. Carpenter of the Climate Analysis Center The Rasmusson and Carpenter tropical Pacific analysis consists of two separate data sets, a long term monthly mean (see GTMNCLRC), and a composited El Nino. Both are derived from surface marine observations; both extend from 100E to 70W, and 30S to 30N, on a 2x2 degree grid. This data set is a composite of six recent El Nino events -- those of 1951, 1953, 1957, 1965, 1969, and 1972. The set is three years long, spanning the years before, during, and after the peak of an event; values given are three month running averages, sequentially centered on each month of the three year period. The set reports sea surface and air temperature, zonal and meridional wind speed and pseudo-stress, and the product of the sea/air temperature difference and the wind speed. GTSNCL_LEVIT: Levitus Pacific seasonal climatology of temperature and salt NOAA/PMEL/TMAP 7.23.91 name title I J K L TEMP TEMPERATURE 1:91 1:60 1:24 1:4 SALT SALINITY(ppt) 1:91 1:60 1:24 1:4 Grid: 2x1 degree from 110E to 70W, and 30S to 30N; 24 levels from the surface to 1500 m, seasonal climatology. Author: Sydney Levitus of the GFDL. This data set is a subset of the climatology prepared by Sydney Levitus and published in 1982, of temperature, salinity and oxygen in the world ocean. We hope to have the complete seasonal data set available in the near future. The following is from the reference below. This atlas represents a synthesis of all temperature, salinity and oxygen available from the National Oceanographic Data Center (NODC). These parameters have been analyzed in a consistent, objective manner at standard oceanographic analysis levels on a one-degree latitude-longitude grid between the surface and ocean bottom with a maximum depth of 5500 m. The analyses and statistical information presented are intended primarily for use in the study of the role of the oceans in controlling the earth's climate, but they can be used for other scientific investigations also. The objective analyses shown in this atlas have certain limitations owing to the nature of the data base (non-synoptic, scattered in space) and to the characteristics of the objective analysis techniques and the particular grid which we used. These limitations and characteristics are discussed in the text. The analyses presented are viewed as another tool for studying the world ocean. Preliminary results have been used in a variety of ways. Levitus, S., Climatological Atlas of the World Ocean, NOAA/ERL GFDL Professional Paper 13, Princeton, N.J., 173 pp. (NTIS PB83-184093), 1982. GTANCL_OLBERS: Southern ocean annual climatology TMAP DATA DOCUMENT 6.23.93 name title I J K L TEMP TEMPERATURE 1:360 1:51 1:38 1:1 SALT SALINITY 1:360 1:51 1:38 1:1 O2 DISSOLVED OXYGEN 1:360 1:51 1:38 1:1 RETS RELATIVE ERROR FOR T AND S 1:360 1:51 1:38 1:1 REO2 RELATIVE ERROR FOR OXYGEN 1:360 1:51 1:38 1:1 Grid:1x1 degree, global, 38 levels from the surface to 5000 m, annual climatology. Author: Dirk Olbers of the Alfred Wegner Institute This data set is interpolated, based on the validated hydrographic station data of the Southern Ocean Database at Alfred Wegener Institute, Bremerhaven. For interpolation the method of "optimum interpolation" has been used, which is founded on the least squares method. The data set contains the parameters temperature (in situ), salinity and dissolved oxygen on 38 standard levels resolved on a 1 by 1 degree longitude latitude grid. The following is from the reference below. This atlas is based upon a combined data set obtained from several scientific organizations. Measurements from about 38,000 hydrographic stations taken in the Southern Ocean since the beginning of the oceanographic observations are available. The largest data sets were provided by the Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute of Saint Petersburg, Russia, and by the Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory, Palisades, USA. Subsequent contributions... In preparing the data set only those stations were used for which both temperature and salinity values were known. No bathythermograph data (XBT or MBT) were used. This ensured also a certain degree of the data uniformness. The data set is formed using two data types: Nansen cast (bottle) and CTD. Bottle data contribute to at least 90% of the whole data set. In spite of combining all available historical observations the data set is still deficient in many ways. Relatively good station coverage exists only for a few areas of the ocean. There is a rapid decrease in the number of observations with increasing depth. Observations made during austral summer clearly prevail. The updated picture of the hydrographic structure of the Southern Ocean presented in this atlas may serve the oceanographic community in many ways and help unravel the role of this ocean in the global climate system. Reference: Olbers,D., Gouretski,V., Seiss, G., Schroeter, J., Hydrographic Atlas of the Southern Ocean, Alfred-Wegener-Institut fuer Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, 1992.